Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO

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380
UXUS97 KPUB 131217
SRGPUB

Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Pueblo, Colorado
0615 MDT Monday, October 13, 2025

This forecast is for Villa Grove, CO for Monday, October 13, 2025:

If the trigger temperature of 51.6 F/10.9 C is reached...then
   Thermal Soaring Index....................... Poor
   Maximum rate of lift........................ 148 ft/min (0.8 m/s)
   Maximum height of thermals.................. 12553 ft MSL (3579 ft AGL)

Forecast maximum temperature................... 51.0 F/11.0 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1415 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... Broken/overcast thin middle
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 10680 ft MSL (1706 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Tuesday 10/14...... Fair

Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available

Remarks...

Sunrise/Sunset.................... 07:11:05 / 18:28:15 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 11 hr 17 min 10 sec (677 min 10 sec)
Altitude of sun at 12:49:40 MDT... 43.59 degrees

Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 10/13/2025 at 0600 MDT

Freezing level.................. 12479 ft MSL (3505 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 16989 ft MSL (8015 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 14486 ft MSL (5512 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +5.8
K index......................... +21.7

Height  Temperature  Wind  Wind Spd  Lapse Rate  ConvectionT  Thermal  Lift Rate
ft MSL  deg C deg F   Dir   kt  m/s  C/km F/kft  deg C deg F   Index    fpm  m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 50000  -64.7 -84.5   230   77   40   2.4   1.3      M     M       M      M    M
 45000  -60.1 -76.2   235  106   54   5.5   3.0      M     M       M      M    M
 40000  -51.8 -61.2   235  116   60   5.2   2.9      M     M       M      M    M
 38000  -49.0 -56.2   235  108   56   4.6   2.5      M     M       M      M    M
 36000  -46.2 -51.2   230  100   51   4.6   2.5      M     M       M      M    M
 34000  -43.0 -45.4   230   90   46   6.1   3.4      M     M       M      M    M
 32000  -38.8 -37.8   230   78   40   6.1   3.4      M     M       M      M    M
 30000  -34.6 -30.3   230   70   36   7.6   4.2   29.8  85.7    15.2      M    M
 29000  -32.3 -26.1   230   67   34   7.6   4.2   29.0  84.2    14.7      M    M
 28000  -30.0 -22.0   235   64   33   7.6   4.2   28.3  83.0    14.3      M    M
 27000  -27.6 -17.7   235   62   32   8.0   4.4   27.6  81.7    13.9      M    M
 26000  -25.3 -13.5   240   60   31   8.0   4.4   26.9  80.5    13.5      M    M
 25000  -22.9  -9.2   240   58   30   8.0   4.4   26.3  79.4    13.2      M    M
 24000  -20.8  -5.4   240   57   29   5.3   2.9   25.4  77.7    12.5      M    M
 23000  -19.2  -2.6   235   56   29   5.5   3.0   23.8  74.9    11.2      M    M
 22000  -17.6   0.3   230   55   28   5.7   3.1   22.4  72.3    10.0      M    M
 21000  -15.6   3.9   230   54   28   8.1   4.5   21.4  70.5     9.2      M    M
 20000  -13.3   8.1   225   51   26   8.2   4.5   20.8  69.5     8.7      M    M
 19500  -12.1  10.2   225   50   26   8.2   4.5   20.6  69.0     8.5      M    M
 19000  -10.9  12.4   220   49   25   8.3   4.5   20.4  68.6     8.3      M    M
 18500   -9.8  14.4   220   48   24   6.3   3.5   19.9  67.9     7.9      M    M
 18000   -8.9  16.0   220   46   23   6.5   3.6   19.4  66.9     7.5      M    M
 17500   -8.0  17.6   220   44   22   5.5   3.0   18.9  66.0     7.0      M    M
 17000   -7.3  18.9   220   41   21   4.9   2.7   18.0  64.5     6.2      M    M
 16500   -6.6  20.1   220   39   20   4.9   2.7   17.2  63.0     5.5      M    M
 16000   -5.8  21.6   220   37   19   5.9   3.2   16.5  61.8     4.9      M    M
 15500   -4.5  23.9   220   33   17   5.8   3.2   15.6  60.1     4.0      M    M
 15000   -3.7  25.3   220   30   16   5.7   3.1   14.9  58.9     3.4      M    M
 14500   -2.8  27.0   215   28   14   5.1   2.8   14.3  57.8     2.8      M    M
 14000   -2.3  27.9   210   26   13   3.4   1.8   13.4  56.1     1.9      M    M
 13500   -1.8  28.8   205   25   13   2.8   1.5   12.4  54.3     0.9      M    M
 13000   -1.0  30.2   200   23   12   8.3   4.6   11.8  53.2     0.3      M    M
 12500    0.1  32.2   190   22   11   7.8   4.3   11.4  52.5    -0.1    336  1.7
 12000    1.0  33.8   185   20   10   3.5   1.9   10.7  51.3    -0.7    296  1.5
 11750    1.3  34.3   180   18    9   5.1   2.8   10.3  50.6    -1.1    278  1.4
 11500    1.8  35.2   175   16    8   6.2   3.4   10.0  50.0    -1.4    257  1.3
 11250    2.2  36.0   170   15    8   4.0   2.2    9.7  49.4    -1.7    237  1.2
 11000    2.4  36.3   165   14    7   0.5   0.3    9.1  48.4    -2.2    224  1.1
 10750    2.4  36.3   155   14    7  -1.0  -0.6    8.3  47.0    -2.9    216  1.1
 10500    2.3  36.1   145   13    7  -0.9  -0.5    7.5  45.5    -3.7    211  1.1
 10250    2.3  36.1   135   13    7  -3.1  -1.7    6.6  43.9    -4.5    205  1.0
 10000    1.9  35.4   125   12    6  -6.5  -3.6    5.5  41.9    -5.7    209  1.1
  9750    1.4  34.5   115   10    5  -6.6  -3.6    4.2  39.6    -6.9    216  1.1
  9500    1.0  33.8   100    9    5  -3.3  -1.8    3.1  37.6    -8.0    221  1.1
  9250    1.0  33.8   080    7    4   3.5   1.9    2.4  36.2    -8.8    214  1.1
  9000    1.5  34.7   050    4    2   9.9   5.4    2.2  35.9    -9.0    191  1.0
  8750      M     M     M    M    M     M     M      M     M       M      M    M
  8500      M     M     M    M    M     M     M      M     M       M      M    M
  8250      M     M     M    M    M     M     M      M     M       M      M    M
  8000      M     M     M    M    M     M     M      M     M       M      M    M

 * * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *

           10/13/2025 at 0900 MDT          |       10/13/2025 at 1200 MDT
                                           |
CAPE...     0.0    LI...       -0.5        | CAPE...    +0.3    LI...       -0.1
CINH...     0.0    K Index... +25.3        | CINH...     0.0    K Index... +26.0
                                           |
Height Temperature  Wnd WndSpd  Lapse Rate | Temperature  Wnd WndSpd  Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F  Dir kt m/s  C/km F/kft | deg C deg F  Dir kt m/s  C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 50000 -65.4 -85.7  230  76 39   3.2   1.7 | -66.1 -87.0  230  78 40   3.6   2.0
 45000 -59.8 -75.6  235  98 51   5.9   3.3 | -60.0 -76.0  235  98 50   5.6   3.1
 40000 -50.9 -59.6  235 113 58   5.3   2.9 | -51.6 -60.9  235 111 57   5.6   3.1
 38000 -48.0 -54.4  235 107 55   4.8   2.6 | -48.2 -54.8  235 104 53   5.6   3.1
 36000 -45.1 -49.2  235 102 52   4.8   2.6 | -44.4 -47.9  235  95 49   5.6   3.1
 34000 -42.2 -44.0  230  91 47   4.9   2.7 | -41.3 -42.3  230  76 39   5.0   2.8
 32000 -38.8 -37.8  230  74 38   4.9   2.7 | -38.3 -36.9  225  52 27   5.0   2.8
 30000 -34.8 -30.6  230  66 34   7.8   4.3 | -34.1 -29.4  220  42 22   8.3   4.5
 29000 -32.4 -26.3  230  64 33   7.8   4.3 | -31.6 -24.9  220  42 21   8.3   4.5
 28000 -30.1 -22.2  230  61 32   7.8   4.3 | -29.1 -20.4  220  41 21   8.3   4.6
 27000 -27.7 -17.9  230  60 31   8.0   4.4 | -26.8 -16.2  220  41 21   7.4   4.1
 26000 -25.3 -13.5  230  58 30   8.0   4.4 | -24.6 -12.3  220  41 21   7.4   4.1
 25000 -22.9  -9.2  230  57 29   8.0   4.4 | -22.4  -8.3  220  41 21   7.5   4.1
 24000 -20.7  -5.3  230  56 29   6.6   3.6 | -20.1  -4.2  220  42 21   8.1   4.5
 23000 -18.7  -1.7  230  54 28   6.7   3.7 | -17.7   0.1  220  43 22   8.1   4.5
 22000 -16.8   1.8  230  53 27   6.9   3.8 | -15.3   4.5  220  45 23   8.1   4.5
 21000 -14.6   5.7  230  51 26   7.8   4.3 | -13.2   8.2  220  46 24   6.8   3.7
 20000 -12.4   9.7  225  49 25   7.9   4.3 | -11.2  11.8  215  47 24   6.8   3.7
 19500 -11.2  11.8  220  48 25   7.9   4.3 | -10.2  13.6  215  48 25   6.8   3.7
 19000 -10.1  13.8  220  47 24   7.8   4.3 |  -9.3  15.3  215  49 25   6.8   3.7
 18500  -9.1  15.6  220  46 24   6.2   3.4 |  -8.3  17.1  215  49 25   6.4   3.5
 18000  -8.2  17.2  215  45 23   6.3   3.5 |  -7.4  18.7  210  50 26   6.5   3.5
 17500  -7.3  18.9  215  44 23   6.4   3.5 |  -6.1  21.0  210  50 26   5.3   2.9
 17000  -6.4  20.5  215  43 22   6.4   3.5 |  -5.3  22.5  210  50 26   5.4   3.0
 16500  -5.4  22.3  210  42 22   6.3   3.5 |  -4.5  23.9  210  50 26   5.7   3.1
 16000  -4.6  23.7  210  41 21   5.7   3.1 |  -3.7  25.3  205  50 26   5.8   3.2
 15500  -3.8  25.2  210  40 21   5.7   3.1 |  -2.9  26.8  205  50 26   5.8   3.2
 15000  -2.5  27.5  205  38 19   6.2   3.4 |  -2.0  28.4  205  50 26   5.8   3.2
 14500  -1.6  29.1  200  36 19   5.8   3.2 |  -1.2  29.8  205  50 26   4.4   2.4
 14000  -0.9  30.4  195  34 18   3.7   2.0 |  -0.5  31.1  205  49 25   6.8   3.7
 13500  -0.4  31.3  190  33 17   3.9   2.1 |   0.4  32.7  200  47 24   7.0   3.8
 13000   0.1  32.2  185  30 15   3.1   1.7 |   1.0  33.8  195  43 22  -1.0  -0.6
 12500   0.6  33.1  180  27 14   3.5   1.9 |   0.8  33.4  195  36 19  -1.6  -0.9
 12000   0.8  33.4  175  23 12  -1.0  -0.5 |   0.5  32.9  185  29 15  -2.1  -1.2
 11750   0.8  33.4  170  20 10   0.1   0.1 |   0.4  32.7  185  26 13  -2.6  -1.4
 11500   0.9  33.6  165  18  9   0.9   0.5 |   0.2  32.4  180  23 12  -2.6  -1.4
 11250   0.9  33.6  160  16  8  -0.3  -0.2 |   0.0  32.0  175  20 10  -2.9  -1.6
 11000   0.9  33.6  150  15  8  -1.6  -0.9 |  -0.2  31.6  170  18  9  -3.6  -1.9
 10750   0.8  33.4  145  15  7  -2.7  -1.5 |  -0.5  31.1  165  17  9  -4.3  -2.3
 10500   0.6  33.1  135  14  7  -3.9  -2.1 |  -0.8  30.6  155  16  8  -4.7  -2.6
 10250   0.3  32.5  130  14  7  -4.0  -2.2 |  -1.1  30.0  150  15  8  -5.4  -3.0
 10000   0.1  32.2  120  12  6  -4.2  -2.3 |  -1.5  29.3  145  12  6  -6.6  -3.6
  9750  -0.2  31.6  110  10  5  -4.0  -2.2 |  -2.0  28.4  130   8  4  -6.5  -3.6
  9500  -0.4  31.3  095   8  4  -2.4  -1.3 |  -2.4  27.7  105   5  2  -3.8  -2.1
  9250  -0.4  31.3  075   6  3   4.9   2.7 |  -2.4  27.7  055   3  2   5.8   3.2
  9000   0.6  33.1  060   6  3  25.6  14.0 |  -1.1  30.0  035   4  2  30.6  16.8
  8750     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
  8500     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
  8250     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
  8000     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M

           10/13/2025 at 1500 MDT          |       10/13/2025 at 1800 MDT
                                           |
CAPE...     0.0    LI...       +1.2        | CAPE...     0.0    LI...       +0.8
CINH...     0.0    K Index... +17.7        | CINH...     0.0    K Index... +15.9
                                           |
Height Temperature  Wnd WndSpd  Lapse Rate | Temperature  Wnd WndSpd  Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F  Dir kt m/s  C/km F/kft | deg C deg F  Dir kt m/s  C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 50000 -66.4 -87.5  230  77 40   2.8   1.5 | -66.7 -88.1  225  68 35   4.2   2.3
 45000 -61.0 -77.8  235  94 48   6.3   3.4 | -60.0 -76.0  230  83 43   5.4   2.9
 40000 -51.1 -60.0  230 101 52   7.2   3.9 | -51.4 -60.5  230 103 53   7.2   4.0
 38000 -46.9 -52.4  230  99 51   7.1   3.9 | -47.2 -53.0  230 101 52   7.0   3.9
 36000 -42.6 -44.7  230  97 50   7.1   3.9 | -43.0 -45.4  230  99 51   7.0   3.9
 34000 -39.4 -38.9  230  88 45   4.7   2.6 | -39.2 -38.6  230  95 49   5.9   3.2
 32000 -36.5 -33.7  230  76 39   4.7   2.6 | -35.7 -32.3  230  90 46   5.9   3.2
 30000 -32.8 -27.0  230  65 33   7.2   3.9 | -32.0 -25.6  230  82 42   6.4   3.5
 29000 -30.7 -23.3  230  60 31   7.2   3.9 | -29.6 -21.3  230  76 39   6.4   3.5
 28000 -28.5 -19.3  225  55 28   7.2   3.9 | -27.7 -17.9  225  71 37   6.4   3.5
 27000 -25.7 -14.3  225  52 27   7.6   4.2 | -25.7 -14.3  225  67 35   6.6   3.6
 26000 -23.5 -10.3  225  51 26   7.6   4.2 | -23.8 -10.8  225  63 33   6.6   3.6
 25000 -21.2  -6.2  225  50 26   7.6   4.2 | -21.8  -7.2  225  59 30   6.6   3.6
 24000 -19.0  -2.2  225  50 26   7.0   3.9 | -19.8  -3.6  225  55 29   6.5   3.6
 23000 -16.9   1.6  225  50 26   7.0   3.9 | -17.9  -0.2  225  52 27   6.5   3.6
 22000 -14.8   5.4  225  50 26   7.0   3.9 | -15.9   3.4  230  48 25   6.5   3.6
 21000 -12.7   9.1  225  49 25   7.2   4.0 | -13.6   7.5  230  45 23   8.7   4.8
 20000 -10.6  12.9  225  46 24   7.5   4.1 | -11.1  12.0  230  41 21   8.9   4.9
 19500  -9.5  14.9  225  45 23   7.7   4.2 |  -9.8  14.4  230  39 20   8.9   4.9
 19000  -8.5  16.7  225  44 23   7.8   4.3 |  -8.5  16.7  230  38 19   8.7   4.8
 18500  -7.5  18.5  225  44 23   7.0   3.9 |  -7.4  18.7  230  37 19   7.7   4.2
 18000  -6.5  20.3  225  45 23   7.2   3.9 |  -6.3  20.7  225  36 18   7.9   4.3
 17500  -5.5  22.1  225  45 23   6.0   3.3 |  -5.3  22.5  225  36 18   6.8   3.7
 17000  -4.7  23.5  225  46 24   5.7   3.1 |  -4.3  24.3  225  36 19   6.6   3.6
 16500  -3.9  25.0  225  46 24   5.6   3.0 |  -3.4  25.9  225  37 19   6.3   3.5
 16000  -3.2  26.2  225  47 24   5.0   2.7 |  -2.6  27.3  230  37 19   5.4   3.0
 15500  -2.4  27.7  225  47 24   5.0   2.8 |  -1.8  28.8  230  37 19   5.5   3.0
 15000  -1.7  28.9  225  47 24   4.9   2.7 |  -1.0  30.2  230  37 19   5.2   2.9
 14500  -1.0  30.2  225  46 24   5.2   2.8 |  -0.3  31.5  230  36 19   5.3   2.9
 14000  -0.5  31.1  225  45 23   3.9   2.1 |   0.5  32.9  225  34 18   2.3   1.2
 13500   0.2  32.4  220  44 23   5.0   2.8 |   0.8  33.4  220  33 17   2.4   1.3
 13000   1.2  34.2  215  41 21   3.0   1.7 |   1.2  34.2  215  30 16   3.8   2.1
 12500   1.6  34.9  215  38 20   3.1   1.7 |   1.7  35.1  205  28 14   3.3   1.8
 12000   2.1  35.8  210  35 18   4.6   2.5 |   2.4  36.3  195  28 14   6.5   3.6
 11750   2.4  36.3  205  33 17   2.6   1.4 |   2.8  37.0  190  27 14   6.4   3.5
 11500   2.6  36.7  200  31 16   3.3   1.8 |   3.3  37.9  185  27 14   7.4   4.1
 11250   2.8  37.0  195  29 15   0.0   0.0 |   3.8  38.8  185  27 14   4.0   2.2
 11000   2.5  36.5  190  26 14  -5.7  -3.1 |   3.8  38.8  180  25 13  -0.9  -0.5
 10750   2.2  36.0  180  24 12  -5.0  -2.7 |   3.8  38.8  175  23 12  -1.3  -0.7
 10500   1.9  35.4  175  21 11  -4.0  -2.2 |   3.7  38.7  170  20 10  -1.7  -1.0
 10250   1.6  34.9  165  19 10  -2.6  -1.4 |   3.6  38.5  160  18  9  -0.9  -0.5
 10000   1.6  34.9  160  15  8  -0.6  -0.3 |   3.6  38.5  155  15  8   0.2   0.1
  9750   1.6  34.9  155  11  6  -0.2  -0.1 |   3.6  38.5  150  11  6   0.3   0.2
  9500   1.6  34.9  145   7  4   0.6   0.3 |   3.7  38.7  135   8  4   0.2   0.1
  9250   1.8  35.2  120   3  2   6.3   3.4 |   3.7  38.7  105   5  2   1.8   1.0
  9000   3.0  37.4  110   3  2  31.6  17.3 |   4.1  39.4  070   3  2  13.9   7.6
  8750     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
  8500     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
  8250     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
  8000     M     M    M   M  M     M     M |     M     M    M   M  M     M     M
________________________________________________________________________________

This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC).  It is not continuously monitored nor updated after its initial
issuance.

The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near Villa Grove, Colorado at:

                   North Latitude:  38 deg 16 min 03 sec
                   West Longitude: 105 deg 53 min 37 sec
                   Elevation: 7986 feet (2434 meters)

and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains.  Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground.  Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.

The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice.  Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page.  To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.

DEFINITIONS:

CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
     energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
     area on a thermodynamic diagram.  Units are Joules per kilogram.  Larger
     values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
     stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms.  Values around or
     greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
     convective activity develop.

CIN (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
     needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
     a thermodynamic diagram.  Units are Joules per kilogram.  The more negative
     this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection.  This
     inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
     lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)

Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
     average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
     if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
     just becomes saturated.  It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
     produced by surface heating only.

Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
     the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level.  It can be considered a
     "trigger temperature" for that level.

Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.

Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
     mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists.  The location and
     existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
     waves.

K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
     between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
     of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
     of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface.  Larger
     positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
     thunderstorm development.  One interpretation of K index values regarding
     soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
     and is reproduced in the following table:

          below -10    no or weak thermals
           -10 to 5    dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
            5 to 15    good soaring conditions
           15 to 20    good soaring conditions with occasional showers
           20 to 30    excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
                       probability of showers and thunderstorms
           above 30    more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms

Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
     inversions.

Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
     average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
     maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.

Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
     level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
     an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
     condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
     level.  The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
     temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
     feet of the airmass.  Negative values are indicative of instability with
     positive values showing stable conditions.

Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals.  It is
     computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
     level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
     Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
     are applied to these calculations.

Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
     forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.

Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals.  It
     is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
     height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
     between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
     above the ground.  After this computation, further empirical adjustments
     are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
     middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
     temperature and the time of overdevelopment.

Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
     or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds.  Broken means that
     between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
     conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
     Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
     some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
     that little sunlight is reaching the ground.

Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
     1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
        where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
     2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
        where the wind speed no longer increases with height

PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
     on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
     sea level).  Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.

Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
                 and the time of overdevelopment.

Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
     temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
     through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level.  Negative values
     are indicative of thermal lift.

Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
     computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
     cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
     temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:

                 Maximum rate of lift        Adjective Rating
                      >= 800 fpm                 Excellent
                 >= 400 and < 800 fpm              Good
                 >= 200 and < 400 fpm              Fair
                       < 200 fpm                   Poor

Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
     which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
     1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
     2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
     3. initiation of widespread precipitation

Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
     reach the trigger temperature.

Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
     feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.

Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
     attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
     soaring into a single index number.  Objective points are assigned to
     these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
     stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
     the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
     movements.

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