Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
790
UXUS97 KPUB 091208
SRGPUB
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Pueblo, Colorado
0608 MDT Sunday, March 9, 2025
This forecast is for the Air Force Academy for Sunday, March 9, 2025:
If the trigger temperature of 48.3 F/9.1 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 1311 ft/min (6.7 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 21323 ft MSL (13729 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 61.0 F/16.6 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1045 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 14578 ft MSL (6984 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Monday 03/10....... Excellent
Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 07:18:53 / 19:00:24 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 11 hr 41 min 32 sec (701 min 32 sec)
Altitude of sun at 13:09:38 MDT... 46.79 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 03/09/2025 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 7950 ft MSL (356 ft AGL)
Additional freezing level....... 9292 ft MSL (1698 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 20147 ft MSL (12553 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 20507 ft MSL (12913 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... -0.6
K index......................... -10.2
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -56.9 -70.4 285 34 17 0.3 0.1 M M M M M
45000 -56.6 -69.9 295 34 18 0.7 0.4 M M M M M
40000 -62.4 -80.3 360 37 19 -4.2 -2.3 M M M M M
38000 -62.4 -80.3 010 44 23 5.5 3.0 M M M M M
36000 -59.1 -74.4 010 44 23 5.5 3.0 M M M M M
34000 -55.6 -68.1 005 43 22 7.4 4.1 M M M M M
32000 -51.2 -60.2 005 42 22 7.3 4.0 M M M M M
30000 -46.8 -52.2 010 41 21 7.4 4.1 21.6 70.8 4.2 M M
29000 -44.5 -48.1 010 39 20 7.4 4.1 20.6 69.0 3.5 M M
28000 -42.3 -44.1 010 38 19 7.4 4.1 19.7 67.5 2.8 M M
27000 -40.1 -40.2 010 36 18 7.9 4.3 19.0 66.1 2.3 M M
26000 -37.6 -35.7 010 33 17 8.4 4.6 18.3 65.0 1.8 M M
25000 -35.1 -31.2 010 31 16 8.4 4.6 17.8 64.0 1.4 M M
24000 -32.6 -26.7 010 28 15 8.4 4.6 17.4 63.3 1.0 M M
23000 -30.0 -22.0 010 27 14 8.5 4.7 16.9 62.4 0.6 M M
22000 -26.8 -16.2 010 27 14 8.5 4.7 16.3 61.4 0.2 M M
21000 -24.2 -11.6 010 26 14 9.0 4.9 16.0 60.8 -0.1 1264 6.4
20000 -21.5 -6.7 010 27 14 9.0 4.9 15.7 60.2 -0.4 1154 5.9
19500 -20.2 -4.4 010 27 14 9.0 4.9 15.6 60.0 -0.5 1099 5.6
19000 -18.9 -2.0 010 27 14 9.0 4.9 15.5 59.8 -0.6 1044 5.3
18500 -17.5 0.5 010 27 14 8.9 4.9 15.3 59.6 -0.7 989 5.0
18000 -16.2 2.8 010 27 14 8.9 4.9 15.2 59.3 -0.9 934 4.7
17500 -14.8 5.4 010 27 14 8.7 4.8 15.1 59.1 -1.0 879 4.5
17000 -13.5 7.7 010 27 14 8.6 4.7 14.9 58.8 -1.2 826 4.2
16500 -12.3 9.9 015 27 14 8.4 4.6 14.7 58.4 -1.4 772 3.9
16000 -11.1 12.0 015 26 14 7.2 4.0 14.3 57.8 -1.7 723 3.7
15500 -10.0 14.0 015 26 13 7.4 4.1 13.9 57.1 -2.1 676 3.4
15000 -9.0 15.8 020 25 13 6.2 3.4 13.4 56.2 -2.5 631 3.2
14500 -8.1 17.4 020 24 12 6.3 3.4 12.9 55.2 -3.1 588 3.0
14000 -7.1 19.2 020 23 12 6.3 3.4 12.3 54.2 -3.6 545 2.8
13500 -6.2 20.8 020 23 12 6.3 3.4 11.8 53.2 -4.2 502 2.6
13000 -5.3 22.5 015 22 11 6.5 3.6 11.2 52.2 -4.7 460 2.3
12500 -4.3 24.3 010 23 12 5.6 3.1 10.7 51.2 -5.3 417 2.1
12000 -3.6 25.5 005 23 12 4.9 2.7 9.9 49.9 -6.0 379 1.9
11750 -3.2 26.2 005 23 12 4.6 2.5 9.5 49.2 -6.4 361 1.8
11500 -2.9 26.8 005 23 12 4.6 2.5 9.1 48.4 -6.8 344 1.7
11250 -2.6 27.3 360 23 12 4.6 2.5 8.7 47.7 -7.2 326 1.7
11000 -2.2 28.0 360 23 12 4.3 2.4 8.3 47.0 -7.7 309 1.6
10750 -1.9 28.6 360 23 12 4.2 2.3 7.9 46.2 -8.1 293 1.5
10500 -1.6 29.1 360 22 11 4.1 2.3 7.4 45.4 -8.6 276 1.4
10250 -1.3 29.7 355 21 11 4.6 2.5 7.0 44.6 -9.1 260 1.3
10000 -1.0 30.2 355 21 11 4.7 2.6 6.6 44.0 -9.5 243 1.2
9750 -0.7 30.7 355 19 10 4.4 2.4 6.2 43.2 -9.9 226 1.1
9500 -0.4 31.3 350 18 9 4.4 2.4 5.8 42.5 -10.4 209 1.1
9250 -0.0 32.0 350 17 9 4.5 2.5 5.4 41.7 -10.8 192 1.0
9000 0.3 32.5 345 16 8 5.1 2.8 5.0 41.1 -11.2 173 0.9
8750 0.7 33.3 340 15 8 5.4 3.0 4.7 40.5 -11.6 154 0.8
8500 1.1 34.0 330 14 7 5.8 3.2 4.4 39.9 -11.9 134 0.7
8250 1.5 34.7 325 13 7 3.6 2.0 4.0 39.3 -12.3 115 0.6
8000 1.3 34.3 320 13 7 -15.8 -8.7 3.0 37.4 -13.3 116 0.6
7750 -1.0 30.2 305 9 5 -41.1 -22.6 0.0 32.0 -16.3 176 0.9
7500 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M M M M M M
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
03/09/2025 at 0900 MDT | 03/09/2025 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.3 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.4
CINH... 0.0 K Index... -9.2 | CINH... 0.0 K Index... +3.3
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -57.8 -72.0 285 40 21 0.4 0.2 | -58.3 -72.9 280 43 22 -0.4 -0.2
45000 -57.3 -71.1 295 44 23 0.8 0.5 | -59.0 -74.2 285 50 26 -1.2 -0.6
40000 -62.7 -80.9 340 37 19 -3.6 -2.0 | -62.3 -80.1 315 35 18 -2.2 -1.2
38000 -62.0 -79.6 350 39 20 5.3 2.9 | -61.3 -78.3 325 33 17 5.4 2.9
36000 -58.8 -73.8 350 39 20 5.3 2.9 | -58.1 -72.6 330 34 17 5.4 3.0
34000 -55.3 -67.5 345 38 20 8.1 4.5 | -54.6 -66.3 330 33 17 7.7 4.2
32000 -50.4 -58.7 345 37 19 8.1 4.4 | -49.6 -57.3 335 32 16 7.5 4.1
30000 -45.7 -50.3 345 36 18 7.0 3.8 | -45.0 -49.0 335 31 16 7.7 4.2
29000 -43.6 -46.5 345 36 18 7.0 3.8 | -42.7 -44.9 335 31 16 7.7 4.2
28000 -41.5 -42.7 345 35 18 7.0 3.8 | -40.4 -40.7 340 31 16 7.7 4.2
27000 -39.5 -39.1 345 35 18 7.5 4.1 | -38.2 -36.8 340 31 16 7.5 4.1
26000 -37.1 -34.8 340 33 17 7.9 4.3 | -35.9 -32.6 335 31 16 7.5 4.1
25000 -34.7 -30.5 340 31 16 7.9 4.3 | -33.7 -28.7 335 31 16 7.5 4.1
24000 -31.7 -25.1 340 29 15 8.6 4.7 | -31.4 -24.5 335 30 16 7.9 4.3
23000 -29.2 -20.6 340 29 15 8.6 4.7 | -29.0 -20.2 330 30 16 8.1 4.4
22000 -26.6 -15.9 340 29 15 8.6 4.7 | -26.6 -15.9 330 30 16 8.1 4.4
21000 -24.0 -11.2 340 29 15 8.9 4.9 | -24.1 -11.4 330 30 15 8.7 4.8
20000 -21.3 -6.3 340 29 15 8.9 4.9 | -20.9 -5.6 330 28 14 8.6 4.7
19500 -19.9 -3.8 340 28 15 8.9 4.9 | -19.6 -3.3 330 27 14 8.6 4.7
19000 -18.6 -1.5 340 28 14 8.9 4.9 | -18.3 -0.9 330 26 14 8.4 4.6
18500 -17.3 0.9 340 27 14 8.0 4.4 | -17.2 1.0 335 25 13 7.5 4.1
18000 -16.1 3.0 340 25 13 8.1 4.4 | -16.1 3.0 335 23 12 7.5 4.1
17500 -14.9 5.2 340 23 12 8.0 4.4 | -14.9 5.2 335 22 11 7.9 4.3
17000 -13.7 7.3 340 22 11 7.9 4.4 | -13.7 7.3 340 21 11 7.9 4.4
16500 -12.5 9.5 340 21 11 7.7 4.2 | -12.6 9.3 340 20 10 7.8 4.3
16000 -11.4 11.5 345 20 10 7.0 3.8 | -11.4 11.5 340 19 10 7.6 4.2
15500 -10.4 13.3 345 19 10 7.0 3.9 | -10.3 13.5 340 18 9 7.5 4.1
15000 -9.4 15.1 350 18 9 6.7 3.7 | -9.3 15.3 340 17 9 6.6 3.6
14500 -8.4 16.9 350 17 9 6.8 3.7 | -8.3 17.1 340 17 9 6.6 3.6
14000 -7.4 18.7 355 16 8 6.6 3.6 | -7.3 18.9 340 16 8 6.8 3.7
13500 -6.4 20.5 355 16 8 6.6 3.6 | -6.3 20.7 340 16 8 6.8 3.7
13000 -5.4 22.3 355 16 8 7.0 3.8 | -5.3 22.5 340 16 8 6.4 3.5
12500 -4.4 24.1 355 17 9 6.8 3.7 | -4.4 24.1 340 15 8 6.2 3.4
12000 -3.4 25.9 360 18 9 6.1 3.4 | -3.4 25.9 340 14 7 7.5 4.1
11750 -2.9 26.8 360 18 9 5.9 3.2 | -2.8 27.0 340 14 7 8.0 4.4
11500 -2.5 27.5 360 18 9 5.9 3.2 | -2.3 27.9 340 14 7 6.8 3.8
11250 -2.1 28.2 360 19 10 5.6 3.1 | -1.8 28.8 340 14 7 5.7 3.1
11000 -1.7 28.9 360 19 10 5.5 3.0 | -1.4 29.5 340 13 7 6.4 3.5
10750 -1.3 29.7 360 18 9 5.4 3.0 | -0.9 30.4 340 13 7 6.6 3.6
10500 -0.9 30.4 360 18 9 5.9 3.2 | -0.4 31.3 340 13 6 6.4 3.5
10250 -0.5 31.1 360 18 9 4.2 2.3 | 0.1 32.2 340 12 6 7.8 4.3
10000 -0.2 31.6 360 17 9 4.1 2.3 | 0.7 33.3 335 11 6 8.4 4.6
9750 0.2 32.4 360 17 9 5.8 3.2 | 1.3 34.3 335 11 5 7.6 4.2
9500 0.5 32.9 355 17 9 5.4 2.9 | 1.9 35.4 330 10 5 7.8 4.3
9250 0.9 33.6 355 16 8 5.5 3.0 | 2.5 36.5 330 9 5 7.6 4.1
9000 1.4 34.5 350 16 8 5.6 3.0 | 3.0 37.4 325 9 5 9.1 5.0
8750 1.8 35.2 345 15 8 5.7 3.1 | 3.8 38.8 325 8 4 10.5 5.8
8500 2.2 36.0 340 14 7 5.5 3.0 | 4.6 40.3 325 8 4 10.2 5.6
8250 2.6 36.7 330 14 7 4.9 2.7 | 5.3 41.5 325 7 4 10.2 5.6
8000 2.8 37.0 325 13 7 -1.9 -1.1 | 6.2 43.2 325 7 4 14.8 8.1
7750 2.2 36.0 310 9 5 -12.1 -6.6 | 7.6 45.7 325 7 3 22.9 12.6
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
03/09/2025 at 1500 MDT | 03/09/2025 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +2.5 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +1.0
CINH... 0.0 K Index... +3.0 | CINH... 0.0 K Index... +7.0
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -59.1 -74.4 290 43 22 -0.7 -0.4 | -60.1 -76.2 290 50 26 0.1 0.0
45000 -60.2 -76.4 295 48 25 -1.1 -0.6 | -60.0 -76.0 290 53 28 -0.0 -0.0
40000 -62.7 -80.9 310 40 21 -1.6 -0.9 | -63.1 -81.6 305 42 22 -2.0 -1.1
38000 -61.3 -78.3 315 38 19 5.8 3.2 | -61.4 -78.5 310 40 20 6.1 3.4
36000 -57.8 -72.0 315 36 19 5.8 3.2 | -57.7 -71.9 310 39 20 6.1 3.4
34000 -53.6 -64.5 320 34 18 7.5 4.1 | -53.8 -64.8 315 38 20 7.3 4.0
32000 -49.1 -56.4 325 33 17 7.5 4.1 | -49.4 -56.9 320 36 19 7.4 4.0
30000 -44.6 -48.3 325 32 16 7.7 4.2 | -44.9 -48.8 320 34 18 7.9 4.3
29000 -42.3 -44.1 330 30 16 7.7 4.2 | -42.5 -44.5 325 32 17 7.9 4.3
28000 -40.0 -40.0 335 29 15 7.7 4.2 | -40.1 -40.2 325 30 16 7.9 4.3
27000 -37.7 -35.9 335 28 14 7.8 4.3 | -37.7 -35.9 325 28 15 7.7 4.2
26000 -35.4 -31.7 335 27 14 7.8 4.3 | -35.4 -31.7 325 27 14 7.7 4.2
25000 -33.0 -27.4 335 27 14 7.8 4.3 | -33.1 -27.6 325 26 13 7.7 4.2
24000 -30.7 -23.3 335 26 14 7.9 4.3 | -30.2 -22.4 325 25 13 8.3 4.5
23000 -28.3 -18.9 335 27 14 7.9 4.3 | -27.7 -17.9 330 27 14 8.2 4.5
22000 -25.9 -14.6 330 28 15 7.9 4.4 | -25.3 -13.5 330 28 15 8.2 4.5
21000 -23.6 -10.5 330 29 15 8.3 4.6 | -22.8 -9.0 330 29 15 8.5 4.7
20000 -20.5 -4.9 330 29 15 8.3 4.5 | -20.2 -4.4 330 28 14 8.5 4.7
19500 -19.2 -2.6 330 28 15 8.3 4.5 | -19.0 -2.2 330 27 14 8.5 4.7
19000 -18.0 -0.4 330 28 14 8.2 4.5 | -17.7 0.1 330 27 14 8.5 4.7
18500 -16.8 1.8 330 27 14 7.9 4.3 | -16.4 2.5 330 26 13 8.2 4.5
18000 -15.6 3.9 330 26 13 8.0 4.4 | -15.2 4.6 330 24 12 8.3 4.5
17500 -14.5 5.9 330 24 12 7.5 4.1 | -14.0 6.8 325 23 12 7.7 4.2
17000 -13.4 7.9 330 23 12 7.5 4.1 | -12.9 8.8 325 22 11 7.6 4.2
16500 -12.3 9.9 330 21 11 7.6 4.2 | -11.7 10.9 325 20 10 7.7 4.2
16000 -11.1 12.0 330 20 10 7.7 4.2 | -10.6 12.9 320 19 10 7.9 4.3
15500 -10.0 14.0 330 19 10 7.7 4.2 | -9.4 15.1 320 18 10 7.9 4.3
15000 -8.8 16.2 325 18 9 7.8 4.3 | -8.3 17.1 315 17 9 7.4 4.1
14500 -7.7 18.1 325 17 9 7.8 4.3 | -7.2 19.0 305 17 9 7.4 4.1
14000 -6.6 20.1 320 16 8 7.4 4.1 | -6.0 21.2 300 16 8 9.3 5.1
13500 -5.5 22.1 315 15 8 7.5 4.1 | -4.7 23.5 295 15 8 9.1 5.0
13000 -4.4 24.1 310 15 8 7.7 4.2 | -3.3 26.1 285 14 7 10.0 5.5
12500 -3.2 26.2 305 14 7 7.7 4.2 | -1.9 28.6 280 13 7 9.0 4.9
12000 -2.2 28.0 300 13 7 6.9 3.8 | -0.6 30.9 280 12 6 7.6 4.2
11750 -1.7 28.9 295 12 6 6.2 3.4 | -0.1 31.8 275 12 6 6.8 3.7
11500 -1.2 29.8 295 11 6 8.4 4.6 | 0.5 32.9 270 11 6 8.6 4.7
11250 -0.5 31.1 290 10 5 9.8 5.4 | 1.2 34.2 270 10 5 9.4 5.1
11000 0.2 32.4 290 9 5 7.7 4.2 | 1.8 35.2 265 10 5 6.2 3.4
10750 0.7 33.3 280 7 4 7.2 3.9 | 2.2 36.0 260 8 4 5.0 2.8
10500 1.2 34.2 275 6 3 7.7 4.2 | 2.6 36.7 250 7 4 5.4 3.0
10250 1.9 35.4 265 4 2 10.9 6.0 | 3.1 37.6 240 7 3 8.1 4.5
10000 2.8 37.0 260 4 2 11.0 6.1 | 3.7 38.7 230 6 3 7.4 4.1
9750 3.5 38.3 255 3 2 9.2 5.0 | 4.1 39.4 215 6 3 4.9 2.7
9500 4.2 39.6 245 2 1 9.9 5.4 | 4.5 40.1 200 7 3 5.6 3.1
9250 4.9 40.8 230 2 1 8.8 4.8 | 4.9 40.8 190 8 4 5.3 2.9
9000 5.6 42.1 225 2 1 9.7 5.3 | 5.4 41.7 185 8 4 7.6 4.1
8750 6.4 43.5 220 2 1 11.2 6.2 | 6.1 43.0 175 8 4 9.4 5.1
8500 7.2 45.0 215 1 1 10.9 6.0 | 6.7 44.1 170 9 5 8.8 4.9
8250 8.0 46.4 210 1 1 9.9 5.4 | 7.4 45.3 165 10 5 9.2 5.0
8000 8.8 47.8 200 1 1 13.4 7.3 | 8.1 46.6 165 9 5 8.2 4.5
7750 10.1 50.2 185 1 1 21.8 12.0 | 8.6 47.5 160 8 4 6.2 3.4
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC). It is not continuously monitored nor updated after its initial
issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the Air Force Academy
in Colorado Springs, Colorado at
North Latitude: 38 deg 58 min 48.000 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 49 min 12.000 sec
Elevation: 6572 feet (2003 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CIN (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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