Fire Weather Point Forecast Matrices
Issued by NWS New Orleans/Baton Rouge, LA
Issued by NWS New Orleans/Baton Rouge, LA
618
FOUS54 KLIX 071017
PFWLIX
Fire Weather Point Forecast Matrices
National Weather Service New Orleans LA
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
LAZ080-072200-
Big Branch-South Western St Tammany Parish LA-Elev 3 ft
30.27N 89.90W Elev. 3 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 86 70 83 70 82
Temp 72 78 84 83 77 74 73 72 71 77 81 82 77 73 72 71 71 78 82 80 74
Dewpt 72 76 76 76 76 74 72 72 71 75 75 75 75 73 72 70 71 75 75 74 74
Min/Max RH 77 100 83 100 77
RH 100 95 78 78 97100 98100100 95 83 79 93100100 97 99 91 80 83 99
Wind Dir NE NE NE E E NE NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E E E E
Wind Spd 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 6 8 8 5 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 6
Clouds B2 B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC SC B1 B2 B2 B1 B2 B1 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
Clouds(%) 76 71 55 55 45 30 37 43 64 82 87 67 71 69 68 71 74 80 80 75 74
Visibility 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 10 10
POP 12hr 20 10 20 20 30
QPF 12hr 0.22 0.02 0.02 0 0.04
Rain Showers S S S S S S S C C C
Tstms S S S S
LAL 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 3
Mix Hgt 1700 2500 700 900 1900 2600 1400
Trans Wind Dir NE NE E E E E E
Trans Wind Spd 8 8 9 11 13 16 13
ADI 20 20 8 8 36 36
Max LVORI 8 6 8 8 5 4
Stability B C F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 69 79 64 80 60 80 62 82
Temp 72 69 79 73 68 65 78 73 65 60 78 72 65 64 80 72
Dewpt 72 69 73 72 68 65 70 69 65 60 66 67 64 62 68 67
Max/Min RH 100 85 100 80 100 72 100 73
RH 100100 83 97 99100 76 86100100 67 83 97 93 66 83
Wind Dir SE SE E NE NE N NE NE N NE E E SE SE S S
Wind Spd 4 4 6 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 6 3
Avg Clouds B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B1 SC FW FW SC SC FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 40 40 20 10 10 5 10 30
Rain Showers C C C C S S C
$$
MSZ080-072200-
Hancock-Northern Hancock County MS-Elev 98 ft
30.45N 89.45W Elev. 98 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 86 70 83 70 82
Temp 72 78 83 84 77 74 73 72 72 75 80 82 77 73 72 71 70 77 80 80 74
Dewpt 72 76 76 75 75 73 72 72 71 75 75 75 74 72 71 70 70 74 74 73 74
Min/Max RH 75 100 80 98 78
RH 100 94 80 73 93 98 98100 98 99 85 78 90 99 98 98100 89 80 78 99
Wind Dir NE NE NE E NE NE NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E SE SE E
Wind Spd 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 6 8 8 4 4 3 4 4 8 10 10 8
Clouds B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC SC SC B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B2
Clouds(%) 78 68 54 49 37 38 45 46 64 85 85 72 72 64 60 72 78 73 76 69 70
Visibility 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 5 10 10
POP 12hr 30 10 20 20 20
QPF 12hr 0.08 0 0 0 0.02
Rain Showers S C S S S S S S S S C
Tstms S C S S S S
LAL 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2
Mix Hgt 1300 2900 900 400 2100 3300 900
Trans Wind Dir NE NE NE E E E E
Trans Wind Spd 8 10 10 9 12 14 12
ADI 22 22 7 7 37 37
Max LVORI 9 6 9 9 6 4
Stability B B F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 70 77 64 79 59 80 60 81
Temp 72 70 75 72 68 65 77 72 64 60 77 70 63 62 79 71
Dewpt 71 70 73 71 68 65 70 68 63 60 65 64 62 62 67 66
Max/Min RH 100 89 100 80 100 64 100 72
RH 97100 94 97100100 77 88 98100 66 81 98100 66 82
Wind Dir SE E SE E NE N NE E N N E E SE SE S S
Wind Spd 5 4 8 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 8 4
Avg Clouds B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B1 SC FW FW SC FW FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 40 40 20 20 10 5 10 30
Rain Showers C C C C S S S C
$$
MSZ082-072200-
Sandhill Crane-South Central Jackson County MS-Elev 25 ft
30.45N 88.66W Elev. 25 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 86 70 83 70 84
Temp 72 79 84 85 80 75 74 72 72 78 81 82 78 73 72 72 71 80 82 82 76
Dewpt 72 76 76 75 74 73 72 72 71 74 74 74 73 72 71 70 70 73 73 73 73
Min/Max RH 75 100 74 99 70
RH 100 91 77 72 82 96 93100 97 88 79 77 87 97 97 95 97 79 74 74 89
Wind Dir NE NE NE E E NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E E SE SE E
Wind Spd 3 4 6 6 4 3 3 4 4 8 8 8 5 4 4 4 5 8 11 11 8
Clouds B1 B1 B1 SC SC B1 B1 B1 OV B2 OV B1 B2 B1 B1 B1 B2 B1 B2 B2 B2
Clouds(%) 62 67 56 49 38 51 52 52 88 80 88 68 71 63 63 67 73 63 75 71 79
Visibility 5 10 8 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10
POP 12hr 20 20 20 10 20
QPF 12hr 0.12 0.08 0 0 0
Rain Showers S S S S S S S S S
Tstms S S S S
LAL 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2
Mix Hgt 1400 2200 600 400 1900 2900 700
Trans Wind Dir NE NE NE E E E E
Trans Wind Spd 8 9 9 10 12 14 11
ADI 19 19 6 10 35 35
Max LVORI 8 5 9 7 5 3
Stability C C F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 70 80 65 81 60 80 61 82
Temp 73 71 79 73 69 65 78 74 66 61 79 73 65 63 81 71
Dewpt 70 70 73 71 68 65 69 68 65 61 65 64 62 62 68 67
Max/Min RH 97 78 100 74 100 65 100 69
RH 90 97 82 93 97100 74 82 97100 62 73 90 97 65 86
Wind Dir SE SE SE E NE N NE N N N E SE SE SE S S
Wind Spd 8 8 9 4 3 3 5 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 8 5
Avg Clouds B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC SC FW FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 30 30 20 10 10 5 5 20
Rain Showers S C C C S S
$$
MSZ082-072200-
Grand Bay-Southeast Jackson County MS-Elev 7 ft
30.44N 88.42W Elev. 7 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 86 70 83 70 83
Temp 72 78 84 83 77 74 73 72 72 78 81 82 77 72 71 71 71 78 81 81 74
Dewpt 72 76 76 76 75 73 72 72 71 75 75 75 73 72 71 70 70 74 74 74 74
Min/Max RH 80 100 77 100 74
RH 100 94 77 80 94 97 97100 97 91 82 79 88100100 97 97 88 79 79100
Wind Dir NE NE NE E E NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E E SE SE E
Wind Spd 3 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 6 8 8 4 3 3 4 4 8 10 10 8
Clouds B2 B1 B1 SC SC B1 B1 SC OV B2 OV B1 B2 B1 B1 B1 B2 B1 B2 B1 B2
Clouds(%) 73 61 51 40 38 58 62 38 88 77 90 66 70 64 58 65 75 61 73 68 80
Visibility 5 7 7 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10
POP 12hr 30 10 20 10 10
QPF 12hr 0.05 0.04 0 0 0
Rain Showers S S S S S S
Tstms S S S
LAL 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2
Mix Hgt 1400 2300 800 500 1800 2800 600
Trans Wind Dir E NE NE E E E E
Trans Wind Spd 8 9 9 10 12 13 11
ADI 19 19 7 8 35 35
Max LVORI 8 6 9 8 5 4
Stability B C F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 69 79 64 79 60 80 61 80
Temp 72 70 77 73 69 65 78 73 66 61 78 71 64 63 78 73
Dewpt 70 70 74 72 68 65 70 69 65 61 66 65 63 62 69 67
Max/Min RH 100 85 100 79 100 69 100 72
RH 93100 90 97 97100 76 87 97100 67 81 97 97 74 81
Wind Dir SE SE SE E E N NE N N N E E E E S S
Wind Spd 5 6 9 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 8 4
Avg Clouds B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC SC FW FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 20 30 20 10 10 5 5 20
Rain Showers S S C C S S
$$
MSZ070-072200-
Pike-Northern Pike County MS-Elev 366 ft
31.19N 90.48W Elev. 366 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 84 69 82 68 81
Temp 70 76 82 83 78 73 71 70 69 75 80 81 76 72 71 69 69 76 80 79 74
Dewpt 70 74 73 73 71 71 71 70 69 72 72 71 70 71 69 69 68 71 71 71 70
Min/Max RH 66 100 78 97 73
RH 100 92 75 72 79 95100100100 90 76 72 81 98 94100 97 85 75 76 87
Wind Dir NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E SE SE E
Wind Spd 2 4 5 6 4 4 3 4 5 6 8 8 4 4 4 4 5 8 8 8 5
Clouds B1 B2 B1 SC SC FW SC B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
Clouds(%) 64 77 60 39 43 19 47 59 75 84 86 72 79 67 72 75 86 74 86 84 76
Visibility 2 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 5 6 10
POP 12hr 10 10 30 30 40
QPF 12hr 0.01 0 0.01 0 0.08
Rain Showers S C C C C C C S S C C C
Tstms S S S
LAL 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
Mix Hgt 1400 2800 600 700 1400 2700 700
Trans Wind Dir NE NE NE NE E E E
Trans Wind Spd 8 11 10 10 10 13 10
ADI 26 26 8 8 32 32
Max LVORI 9 4 9 9 6 4
Stability B C F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 67 77 61 79 57 79 58 79
Temp 70 67 76 72 65 62 78 69 61 58 77 71 61 60 77 70
Dewpt 70 67 70 68 65 62 64 62 60 58 61 60 60 60 65 59
Max/Min RH 100 81 100 67 100 58 100 64
RH 100100 82 86100100 62 77 97100 58 68 97100 67 68
Wind Dir SE E SE NE E N N N NE NE E E SE S S SW
Wind Spd 4 4 6 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 8 5
Avg Clouds B2 OV B2 B1 SC SC SC FW FW FW FW FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 50 50 30 20 10 5 10 40
Rain Showers C C C C C C S S C C
Tstms S S
$$
MSZ082-072200-
Vancleave-Northern Jackson County MS-Elev 125 ft
30.62N 88.71W Elev. 125 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 86 70 83 70 84
Temp 72 78 84 84 77 74 73 72 72 77 81 82 77 72 71 71 71 78 82 82 75
Dewpt 72 76 76 75 74 73 72 72 71 74 74 73 73 71 71 70 70 73 73 72 72
Min/Max RH 74 100 74 97 70
RH 100 94 77 74 90 97 97100 97 90 79 74 88 97100 97 97 85 74 72 90
Wind Dir NE NE NE NE E NE NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E SE SE E
Wind Spd 2 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 4 3 3 4 4 8 9 10 8
Clouds B2 B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC B1 OV B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B1 B2 B2 B1 B2 B2 B2
Clouds(%) 75 70 51 51 42 37 44 53 89 81 81 71 68 64 58 71 71 66 72 70 73
Visibility 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10
POP 12hr 30 20 20 10 20
QPF 12hr 0.20 0.05 0 0 0.01
Rain Showers S S S S S S S C
Tstms S S S
LAL 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2
Mix Hgt 1600 2800 600 500 2000 3200 700
Trans Wind Dir NE NE NE E E E E
Trans Wind Spd 6 9 9 9 11 13 10
ADI 21 21 6 6 34 34
Max LVORI 9 5 9 9 6 3
Stability B B F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 70 79 64 80 60 80 60 82
Temp 72 71 76 73 68 65 78 73 65 61 78 71 64 62 80 72
Dewpt 70 70 73 70 68 65 69 67 65 61 64 63 62 62 67 65
Max/Min RH 100 82 100 74 100 65 100 69
RH 93 97 90 90100100 74 81100100 62 76 93100 65 79
Wind Dir SE SE SE E NE N NE N N N E SE SE E S S
Wind Spd 6 8 8 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 6 4
Avg Clouds B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC SC FW FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 30 30 20 10 10 5 5 20
Rain Showers C C C C S S
$$
MSZ081-072200-
Camp Keller-Northern Harrison County MS-Elev 130 ft
30.52N 88.98W Elev. 130 ft
416 AM CST Thu Nov 7 2024
Date Thu 11/07/24 Fri 11/08/24 Sat 11/09/24
UTC 3hrly 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00
CST 3hrly 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18
Max/Min 86 71 83 71 83
Temp 73 78 84 84 78 74 74 72 72 77 81 82 77 74 73 72 71 78 82 81 76
Dewpt 73 75 74 74 74 73 72 72 71 74 73 73 73 72 71 70 70 72 73 73 72
Min/Max RH 72 97 74 97 70
RH 100 91 72 72 88 97 93100 97 90 77 74 88 93 93 93 97 82 74 77 87
Wind Dir NE NE NE NE E NE NE NE NE NE E E E E E E E E SE SE E
Wind Spd 3 4 6 5 3 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 6 5 4 5 6 9 11 11 9
Clouds B2 B1 B1 SC SC SC SC SC B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B1 B1 B2 B1 B2 B2 B2
Clouds(%) 75 62 58 47 43 34 48 50 81 81 85 71 69 60 59 68 70 67 75 72 70
Visibility 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10
POP 12hr 30 20 20 10 20
QPF 12hr 0.32 0.10 0 0 0.01
Rain Showers C S S S S S S C
Tstms C S S
LAL 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2
Mix Hgt 1400 2700 400 500 1800 2900 900
Trans Wind Dir NE NE NE E E E E
Trans Wind Spd 6 10 10 10 13 13 12
ADI 21 23 7 10 35 35
Max LVORI 8 5 8 8 5 3
Stability C C F E C C E E C C
Date Sun 11/10/24Mon 11/11/24Tue 11/12/24Wed 11/13/24
UTC 6hrly 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00
CST 6hrly 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18 00 06 12 18
Min/Max 70 79 65 80 61 80 62 81
Temp 73 71 76 74 70 66 78 74 66 62 78 73 65 64 81 71
Dewpt 71 70 72 70 68 66 68 67 65 62 63 63 62 62 66 65
Max/Min RH 97 82 100 74 100 67 100 69
RH 93 97 87 87 93100 71 79 97100 60 71 90 93 60 81
Wind Dir SE SE SE E NE N NE N N N E SE SE E S S
Wind Spd 8 8 9 4 3 3 5 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 8 5
Avg Clouds B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 SC SC FW SC FW FW FW SC SC SC
POP 12hr 30 30 20 10 10 5 5 20
Rain Showers C C C C S S
$$
This product is for planning and review purposes only and
is not to be substituted for an official fire weather spot
forecast. The data displayed are calculated from a 2.5 by
2.5 km digital database and only approximates weather conditions
in varying terrain near the coast. Please relay any comments you
have to the NWS via email at sr-lix.webmaster.gov.
Below is a weather element key for this product.
(Note...Winds do not reflect local terrain effects.)
Day 1 Through 3...
Max/Min Temp or Min/Max Temp(f).....Maximum/Minimum Air Temperature
Temp(F).............................Air Temperature
Dewpt(F)............................Dew Point Temperature
Min/Max RH or Max/Min RH(%).........Maximum/Minimum Humidity
RH(%)...............................Relative Humidity
Wind Dir(8 point compass)...........20 ft. Wind Direction
Wind Dir Deg(degrees)...............20 ft. Wind direction in tens of degrees
relative to due north.
Example: 09 = 90 degrees = East; 18 = 180 degrees = South;
27 = 270 degrees = West; 36 = 360 degrees = North
Wind Spd(mph).......................20 ft. Wind Speed
Wind Gust(mph)......................20 ft. Wind Gust
Wind Chill..........................Wind Chill Temperature
Heat Indx...........................Heat Index
Clouds(cat).........................Cloud cover category
EXAMPLE: CL = Clear; FW = Few; SC = Scattered;
B1 = Mostly Cloudy; B2 = Considerable Clouds; OV = Overcast
Clouds(%)...........................Cloud cover as a percentage
Visibility..........................Visibility value in statute miles
POP 12hr(%).........................Probability for accumulating precipitation
QPF 12hr(in)........................Liquid equivalent precipitation amount
WEATHER...
TYPE...
Rain...........Rain
Rain Shwrs.....Rain Showers
Tstms..........Thunderstorms
Drizzle........Drizzle
Snow...........Snow
SnowShwrs......Snow Showers
Sleet..........Sleet
Flurries.......Flurries
Frzg Rain......Freezing Rain
Frzg Drzl......Freezing Drizzle
Coverage...
S..............Slight Chance
C..............Chance
L..............Likely
O..............Occasional
D..............Definite
AR.............Areas
PA.............Patchy
OBVIS...............................Obstruction to Visibility
TYPE...
F..............Fog
PF.............Patchy Fog
F+.............Dense Fog
H..............Haze
BS.............Blowing Snow
K..............Smoke
BD.............Blowing Dust
AF.............Volcanic Ashfall
LAL(cat)............................Lightning Activity Level
Mix Hgt(ft AGL).....................Mixing Height
T Wind Dir(8 point compass).........Transport wind direction
T Wind Spd(mph).....................Transport wind speed
ADI (Index).........................Atmospheric Dispersion Index
Ceiling (ft)........................Ceiling
Max LVORI (Index)...................Low visibility occurrence risk index
Stability (cat).....................Pasquill Turner Stability
Watch/Warning/Advisory...
Example: W = Warning; Y = Advisory; A = Watch
in effect for the indicated hour
Day 4 Through 7...
Max/Min Temp or Min/Max Temp(f).....Maximum/Minimum Air Temperature
Temp(f).............................Air Temperature
Dewpt(f)............................Dew Point Temperature
RH(%)...............................Relative Humidity
Wind Dir............................20 ft. Wind direction
WIND Spd(mph).......................20 ft. Wind speed
Avg Clouds(cat).....................Average cloud cover category
POP 12hr(%).........................Probability for accumulating Precipitation
Weather...
See Day 1 through 3 weather descriptions