Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Grand Junction, CO
Issued by NWS Grand Junction, CO
370
UXUS97 KGJT 291306
SRGGJT
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Grand Junction, Colorado
706 AM MDT Sunday, September 29, 2024
This forecast is for Sunday, September 29, 2024:
If the trigger temperature of 87.7 F/30.9 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 1180 ft/min (6.0 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 16953 ft MSL (12114 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 91.0 F/33.2 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1300 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 8073 ft MSL (3234 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Monday 09/30....... Excellent
Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 07:09:07 / 18:59:18 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 11 hr 50 min 11 sec (710 min 11 sec)
Altitude of sun at 13:04:12 MDT... 48.04 degrees
Upper air data from rawinsonde observation taken on 09/29/2024 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 15562 ft MSL (10723 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 17394 ft MSL (12555 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 17387 ft MSL (12548 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +2.9
K index......................... +19.7
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -68.0 -90.4 235 35 18 0.9 0.5 80.5 176.9 27.7 M M
45000 -58.2 -72.8 250 44 23 7.5 4.1 71.2 160.1 24.0 M M
40000 -48.2 -54.8 245 46 24 7.7 4.2 64.0 147.1 20.8 M M
38000 -44.1 -47.4 250 48 25 4.2 2.3 61.4 142.5 19.6 M M
36000 -41.4 -42.5 240 41 21 4.0 2.2 56.8 134.3 16.9 M M
34000 -37.8 -36.0 235 34 17 5.5 3.0 53.6 128.5 15.0 M M
32000 -34.3 -29.7 225 24 12 8.0 4.4 49.3 120.8 12.3 M M
30000 -30.4 -22.7 200 9 5 6.2 3.4 46.8 116.2 10.6 M M
29000 -28.0 -18.4 240 11 6 8.4 4.6 46.1 115.0 10.2 M M
28000 -25.8 -14.4 240 11 6 6.8 3.7 45.2 113.4 9.7 M M
27000 -23.3 -9.9 225 10 5 9.2 5.0 44.6 112.4 9.3 M M
26000 -20.5 -4.9 215 8 4 9.8 5.4 44.5 112.1 9.3 M M
25000 -17.5 0.5 230 9 5 9.7 5.3 44.5 112.2 9.4 M M
24000 -14.8 5.4 225 9 5 8.7 4.8 44.4 111.8 9.4 M M
23000 -12.6 9.3 215 5 3 2.9 1.6 43.5 110.2 8.8 M M
22000 -11.2 11.8 285 3 1 -2.3 -1.3 41.6 106.8 7.3 M M
21000 -10.4 13.3 290 5 3 5.3 2.9 39.1 102.3 5.3 M M
20000 -9.1 15.6 270 13 7 3.7 2.0 37.2 98.9 3.7 M M
19500 -8.0 17.6 265 13 7 7.8 4.3 36.8 98.2 3.4 M M
19000 -7.1 19.2 255 10 5 -0.8 -0.5 36.2 97.2 2.8 M M
18500 -7.4 18.7 255 8 4 7.4 4.0 34.4 93.9 1.1 M M
18000 -5.6 21.9 240 10 5 6.9 3.8 33.9 93.1 0.7 M M
17500 -4.5 23.9 270 10 5 7.3 4.0 33.4 92.2 0.3 M M
17000 -3.4 25.9 295 12 6 8.2 4.5 33.2 91.7 -0.0 1174 6.0
16500 -2.2 28.0 290 12 6 8.6 4.7 32.9 91.2 -0.3 1125 5.7
16000 -0.9 30.4 295 12 6 8.7 4.8 32.8 91.0 -0.5 1071 5.4
15500 0.4 32.7 275 10 5 9.5 5.2 32.6 90.7 -0.6 1016 5.2
15000 1.7 35.1 255 9 5 7.7 4.2 32.5 90.6 -0.7 961 4.9
14500 2.9 37.2 250 8 4 9.9 5.4 32.3 90.2 -1.1 913 4.6
14000 4.3 39.7 245 7 4 9.7 5.3 32.3 90.2 -1.1 855 4.3
13500 5.7 42.3 250 7 4 9.7 5.3 32.3 90.2 -1.1 797 4.0
13000 7.2 45.0 230 10 5 9.7 5.3 32.3 90.2 -1.1 739 3.8
12500 8.6 47.5 230 10 5 9.7 5.3 32.3 90.2 -1.2 681 3.5
12000 10.0 50.0 230 10 5 9.7 5.3 32.3 90.2 -1.2 623 3.2
11500 11.5 52.7 240 11 6 9.7 5.3 32.3 90.1 -1.2 565 2.9
11000 12.9 55.2 240 10 5 9.6 5.3 32.3 90.1 -1.3 508 2.6
10500 14.4 57.9 265 7 4 9.4 5.1 32.2 90.0 -1.3 450 2.3
10250 15.0 59.0 275 7 4 8.9 4.9 32.2 89.9 -1.4 422 2.1
10000 15.7 60.3 275 7 4 9.0 4.9 32.1 89.8 -1.4 395 2.0
9750 16.4 61.5 265 8 4 9.0 4.9 32.0 89.7 -1.5 367 1.9
9500 17.0 62.6 265 7 4 9.0 5.0 32.0 89.6 -1.6 340 1.7
9250 17.7 63.9 260 7 3 8.9 4.9 31.9 89.5 -1.7 313 1.6
9000 18.4 65.1 255 6 3 9.5 5.2 31.9 89.3 -1.7 285 1.4
8750 19.0 66.2 240 5 3 6.6 3.6 31.8 89.2 -1.8 258 1.3
8500 19.3 66.7 195 6 3 3.7 2.1 31.4 88.4 -2.2 241 1.2
8250 19.6 67.3 165 9 5 4.9 2.7 30.9 87.7 -2.6 224 1.1
8000 20.0 68.0 155 13 7 3.3 1.8 30.5 87.0 -3.1 208 1.1
7750 20.2 68.4 155 14 7 5.2 2.8 30.0 86.1 -3.6 193 1.0
7500 20.7 69.3 150 16 8 8.5 4.7 29.9 85.8 -3.8 170 0.9
7250 21.2 70.2 150 15 8 4.5 2.5 29.7 85.4 -4.0 147 0.7
7000 21.4 70.5 145 11 6 2.6 1.4 29.1 84.4 -4.5 134 0.7
6750 21.6 70.9 145 10 5 -1.7 -1.0 28.5 83.3 -5.2 123 0.6
6500 21.2 70.2 135 7 4 -4.3 -2.3 27.4 81.3 -6.3 126 0.6
6250 21.2 70.2 125 7 4 7.1 3.9 26.7 80.1 -7.0 118 0.6
6000 21.8 71.2 135 11 6 1.6 0.9 26.6 79.8 -7.2 93 0.5
5750 21.3 70.3 145 12 6 -8.2 -4.5 25.4 77.7 -8.4 100 0.5
5500 20.9 69.6 140 14 7 -5.8 -3.2 24.2 75.5 -9.6 107 0.5
5250 20.4 68.7 135 12 6 -5.6 -3.1 23.0 73.3 -10.8 113 0.6
5000 19.9 67.8 120 12 6 -8.9 -4.9 21.8 71.2 -12.0 120 0.6
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
09/29/2024 at 0900 MDT | 09/29/2024 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... +0.2 LI... +0.1 | CAPE... +21.1 LI... -0.4
CINH... -1.1 K Index... +18.4 | CINH... -31.9 K Index... +21.5
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -65.2 -85.4 225 35 18 3.7 2.0 | -64.6 -84.3 235 43 22 3.8 2.1
45000 -57.9 -72.2 230 47 24 6.4 3.5 | -58.0 -72.4 235 53 27 5.6 3.1
40000 -48.5 -55.3 235 57 29 5.4 3.0 | -49.2 -56.6 240 57 29 5.6 3.1
38000 -45.2 -49.4 235 53 27 5.4 3.0 | -45.9 -50.6 235 55 28 5.6 3.1
36000 -41.9 -43.4 235 48 25 5.4 3.0 | -42.5 -44.5 235 52 27 5.6 3.1
34000 -38.8 -37.8 230 37 19 5.3 2.9 | -39.1 -38.4 235 42 22 5.7 3.1
32000 -35.6 -32.1 225 26 13 5.0 2.8 | -35.7 -32.3 225 32 17 5.5 3.0
30000 -31.2 -24.2 220 21 11 7.8 4.3 | -31.3 -24.3 220 27 14 7.6 4.2
29000 -28.8 -19.8 215 18 9 7.8 4.3 | -29.0 -20.2 215 25 13 7.6 4.2
28000 -26.5 -15.7 210 16 8 8.2 4.5 | -26.7 -16.1 210 23 12 7.9 4.3
27000 -23.3 -9.9 210 16 8 8.5 4.7 | -24.3 -11.7 210 22 11 8.1 4.4
26000 -20.7 -5.3 210 15 8 8.5 4.7 | -21.3 -6.3 215 20 10 8.1 4.4
25000 -18.2 -0.8 210 15 8 7.3 4.0 | -18.9 -2.0 215 19 10 6.8 3.7
24000 -16.3 2.7 220 13 7 6.3 3.5 | -17.1 1.2 230 17 9 5.9 3.2
23000 -14.4 6.1 230 11 6 6.3 3.5 | -15.4 4.3 245 16 8 5.9 3.2
22000 -12.6 9.3 245 10 5 4.3 2.3 | -13.6 7.5 255 16 8 5.3 2.9
21000 -11.6 11.1 260 11 5 3.4 1.9 | -12.2 10.0 265 15 8 5.1 2.8
20000 -10.7 12.7 275 12 6 3.6 2.0 | -10.8 12.6 270 15 8 5.3 2.9
19500 -10.2 13.6 280 13 7 4.5 2.5 | -10.0 14.0 275 15 8 5.8 3.2
19000 -9.3 15.3 285 13 7 7.7 4.2 | -9.1 15.6 275 14 7 7.3 4.0
18500 -8.2 17.2 290 13 7 7.5 4.1 | -8.0 17.6 275 13 7 7.2 4.0
18000 -7.1 19.2 290 13 7 8.6 4.7 | -6.9 19.6 275 13 7 8.4 4.6
17500 -5.8 21.6 290 14 7 8.8 4.8 | -5.7 21.7 275 12 6 8.6 4.7
17000 -4.5 23.9 295 14 7 9.0 5.0 | -4.4 24.1 275 12 6 8.8 4.8
16500 -3.1 26.4 290 14 7 9.5 5.2 | -3.1 26.4 275 12 6 9.4 5.1
16000 -1.7 28.9 290 14 7 9.5 5.2 | -1.7 28.9 275 12 6 9.3 5.1
15500 -0.3 31.5 285 15 8 9.1 5.0 | -0.3 31.5 270 12 6 9.6 5.3
15000 1.0 33.8 285 15 8 9.2 5.0 | 1.2 34.2 270 13 6 9.6 5.2
14500 2.4 36.3 280 15 8 8.9 4.9 | 2.6 36.7 270 13 7 9.4 5.1
14000 3.7 38.7 275 14 7 8.8 4.8 | 4.0 39.2 265 13 7 9.3 5.1
13500 5.1 41.2 275 14 7 8.8 4.8 | 5.4 41.7 265 14 7 9.0 4.9
13000 6.4 43.5 270 14 7 8.8 4.8 | 6.7 44.1 260 14 7 8.7 4.8
12500 7.7 45.9 265 13 7 8.7 4.8 | 8.0 46.4 260 13 7 8.7 4.8
12000 9.0 48.2 260 12 6 8.6 4.7 | 9.3 48.7 255 13 7 8.7 4.8
11500 10.3 50.5 255 11 6 8.6 4.7 | 10.6 51.1 250 12 6 8.6 4.7
11000 11.5 52.7 250 10 5 8.4 4.6 | 11.8 53.2 245 11 6 8.1 4.5
10500 12.8 55.0 245 9 5 6.6 3.6 | 13.0 55.4 245 11 5 6.1 3.3
10250 13.2 55.8 245 9 4 6.6 3.6 | 13.4 56.1 240 10 5 6.5 3.6
10000 13.8 56.8 240 8 4 9.4 5.2 | 14.0 57.2 240 10 5 9.6 5.3
9750 14.5 58.1 235 8 4 9.1 5.0 | 14.7 58.5 240 9 5 8.9 4.9
9500 15.1 59.2 230 8 4 8.4 4.6 | 15.4 59.7 240 8 4 8.6 4.7
9250 16.2 61.2 225 7 4 6.4 3.5 | 15.9 60.6 240 8 4 7.6 4.2
9000 16.6 61.9 220 8 4 6.8 3.7 | 17.0 62.6 235 7 4 7.9 4.3
8750 17.1 62.8 210 8 4 6.0 3.3 | 17.6 63.7 230 7 3 7.1 3.9
8500 17.5 63.5 205 8 4 4.8 2.7 | 18.1 64.6 225 6 3 5.3 2.9
8250 17.8 64.0 200 8 4 5.1 2.8 | 18.5 65.3 225 5 3 7.1 3.9
8000 18.3 64.9 195 8 4 6.2 3.4 | 19.1 66.4 220 5 2 10.1 5.6
7750 18.7 65.7 185 9 5 4.7 2.6 | 19.9 67.8 215 5 2 8.3 4.6
7500 18.9 66.0 175 9 5 3.0 1.7 | 20.4 68.7 210 4 2 6.3 3.4
7250 19.2 66.6 170 9 5 3.7 2.1 | 20.9 69.6 205 4 2 8.0 4.4
7000 19.5 67.1 165 9 5 4.2 2.3 | 21.6 70.9 200 4 2 12.0 6.6
6750 19.8 67.6 160 8 4 2.9 1.6 | 22.5 72.5 200 4 2 11.5 6.3
6500 19.9 67.8 150 8 4 1.4 0.8 | 23.3 73.9 200 3 2 9.7 5.3
6250 20.0 68.0 145 8 4 2.6 1.4 | 24.0 75.2 195 3 2 9.1 5.0
6000 20.3 68.5 140 7 3 3.7 2.0 | 24.8 76.6 195 3 1 13.4 7.4
5750 20.5 68.9 125 5 2 2.1 1.2 | 26.2 79.2 200 3 1 25.5 14.0
5500 20.5 68.9 105 4 2 -1.3 -0.7 | 27.8 82.0 195 2 1 9.6 5.3
5250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
5000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
09/29/2024 at 1500 MDT | 09/29/2024 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... +58.3 LI... -0.9 | CAPE... +40.2 LI... -0.5
CINH... -24.7 K Index... +24.1 | CINH... -51.3 K Index... +22.9
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -65.0 -85.0 245 43 22 3.3 1.8 | -64.6 -84.3 250 38 19 3.2 1.8
45000 -58.7 -73.7 250 52 27 6.3 3.5 | -58.5 -73.3 255 47 24 5.9 3.3
40000 -48.9 -56.0 245 56 29 5.8 3.2 | -49.6 -57.3 255 52 27 6.1 3.4
38000 -45.4 -49.7 245 54 28 5.8 3.2 | -45.5 -49.9 250 52 27 6.1 3.4
36000 -42.0 -43.6 245 51 26 5.8 3.2 | -41.8 -43.2 250 52 27 6.3 3.4
34000 -39.2 -38.6 240 43 22 4.5 2.5 | -39.4 -38.9 250 44 23 3.7 2.1
32000 -36.5 -33.7 230 35 18 4.3 2.3 | -37.2 -35.0 245 36 19 3.5 1.9
30000 -32.1 -25.8 225 31 16 8.0 4.4 | -32.9 -27.2 240 33 17 8.0 4.4
29000 -29.7 -21.5 225 30 15 8.0 4.4 | -30.4 -22.7 240 32 16 8.0 4.4
28000 -27.3 -17.1 220 28 15 7.8 4.3 | -28.0 -18.4 235 30 16 7.6 4.2
27000 -25.0 -13.0 225 26 13 7.7 4.2 | -25.9 -14.6 240 27 14 7.3 4.0
26000 -22.7 -8.9 230 24 12 7.7 4.2 | -23.7 -10.7 250 25 13 7.3 4.0
25000 -20.4 -4.7 235 22 11 7.9 4.3 | -21.5 -6.7 255 22 11 7.3 4.0
24000 -18.1 -0.6 245 19 10 5.9 3.2 | -18.9 -2.0 260 20 10 6.8 3.7
23000 -16.4 2.5 255 17 9 5.9 3.2 | -16.9 1.6 265 18 9 6.8 3.7
22000 -14.6 5.7 270 15 8 6.4 3.5 | -14.9 5.2 270 16 8 7.2 4.0
21000 -12.7 9.1 265 15 8 6.7 3.7 | -12.8 9.0 270 15 8 7.4 4.1
20000 -10.8 12.6 265 14 7 6.9 3.8 | -10.6 12.9 270 14 7 7.5 4.1
19500 -9.8 14.4 265 14 7 7.2 4.0 | -9.5 14.9 270 14 7 7.7 4.3
19000 -8.7 16.3 265 14 7 8.1 4.4 | -8.3 17.1 275 14 7 8.5 4.6
18500 -7.5 18.5 265 14 7 8.1 4.4 | -7.1 19.2 275 14 7 8.5 4.6
18000 -6.4 20.5 265 14 7 7.9 4.3 | -5.8 21.6 275 14 7 8.7 4.8
17500 -5.2 22.6 260 13 7 7.8 4.3 | -4.6 23.7 275 13 7 8.7 4.8
17000 -4.1 24.6 260 13 7 8.1 4.5 | -3.3 26.1 270 13 7 8.7 4.8
16500 -2.8 27.0 260 13 7 8.9 4.9 | -2.1 28.2 270 12 6 8.5 4.7
16000 -1.5 29.3 260 13 7 8.8 4.8 | -0.8 30.6 270 12 6 8.5 4.7
15500 -0.1 31.8 260 13 7 9.4 5.1 | 0.5 32.9 265 12 6 9.1 5.0
15000 1.3 34.3 260 13 6 9.3 5.1 | 1.8 35.2 265 11 6 9.0 5.0
14500 2.6 36.7 260 13 6 9.5 5.2 | 3.1 37.6 260 11 6 9.1 5.0
14000 4.1 39.4 260 12 6 9.5 5.2 | 4.5 40.1 260 11 5 9.1 5.0
13500 5.5 41.9 260 12 6 9.5 5.2 | 5.8 42.4 260 10 5 9.2 5.0
13000 6.9 44.4 260 12 6 9.5 5.2 | 7.2 45.0 255 10 5 9.3 5.1
12500 8.3 46.9 260 12 6 9.4 5.2 | 8.6 47.5 255 10 5 9.3 5.1
12000 9.7 49.5 260 12 6 9.3 5.1 | 9.9 49.8 255 10 5 9.3 5.1
11500 11.1 52.0 260 12 6 9.3 5.1 | 11.3 52.3 250 10 5 9.3 5.1
11000 12.5 54.5 260 11 6 9.0 4.9 | 12.7 54.9 250 10 5 9.2 5.1
10500 13.9 57.0 260 11 6 6.4 3.5 | 14.1 57.4 250 10 5 7.3 4.0
10250 14.2 57.6 260 11 6 7.0 3.9 | 14.6 58.3 250 10 5 7.8 4.3
10000 15.0 59.0 260 11 6 10.9 6.0 | 15.3 59.5 250 10 5 10.9 6.0
9750 15.7 60.3 260 10 5 10.0 5.5 | 16.1 61.0 250 10 5 10.0 5.5
9500 16.5 61.7 260 10 5 9.7 5.3 | 16.9 62.4 250 10 5 10.3 5.6
9250 17.2 63.0 265 10 5 8.6 4.7 | 17.6 63.7 250 10 5 9.7 5.3
9000 17.8 64.0 265 10 5 8.9 4.9 | 18.3 64.9 250 10 5 9.1 5.0
8750 18.5 65.3 265 9 5 9.4 5.2 | 19.0 66.2 250 9 5 9.1 5.0
8500 19.8 67.6 270 9 5 6.9 3.8 | 20.3 68.5 250 9 5 8.3 4.5
8250 20.3 68.5 275 9 4 8.8 4.8 | 20.9 69.6 250 9 5 8.8 4.8
8000 21.1 70.0 275 8 4 11.7 6.4 | 21.6 70.9 250 9 5 9.8 5.4
7750 21.9 71.4 270 8 4 9.8 5.4 | 22.3 72.1 250 8 4 8.9 4.9
7500 22.5 72.5 275 8 4 7.9 4.3 | 23.0 73.4 250 8 4 7.7 4.2
7250 23.2 73.8 280 8 4 9.0 5.0 | 23.5 74.3 255 8 4 8.3 4.6
7000 23.9 75.0 280 8 4 12.3 6.7 | 24.2 75.6 255 8 4 10.6 5.8
6750 24.9 76.8 275 8 4 11.5 6.3 | 25.1 77.2 255 8 4 10.7 5.9
6500 25.6 78.1 280 8 4 9.8 5.4 | 25.8 78.4 255 8 4 9.9 5.4
6250 26.4 79.5 285 8 4 9.3 5.1 | 26.6 79.9 255 7 4 10.0 5.5
6000 27.1 80.8 285 7 4 12.6 6.9 | 27.3 81.1 260 7 4 8.4 4.6
5750 28.4 83.1 280 7 4 23.9 13.1 | 27.8 82.0 255 6 3 7.9 4.3
5500 30.2 86.4 290 7 3 19.0 10.4 | 28.7 83.7 260 6 3 18.2 10.0
5250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
5000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken at Walker Field in Grand
Junction, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 07 min 00.001 sec
West Longitude: 108 deg 31 min 59.998 sec
Elevation: 4839 feet (1475 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Western Slope of
Colorado. Note that some elevations in numerical weather prediction models
differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to data which appear
to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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