Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
370
UXUS97 KPUB 091203
SRGPUB
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Pueblo, Colorado
0603 MDT Tuesday, July 9, 2024
This forecast is for the Air Force Academy for Tuesday, July 9, 2024:
If the trigger temperature of 69.2 F/20.7 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 1432 ft/min (7.3 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 22462 ft MSL (14832 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 83.0 F/28.8 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 0845 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ 1700 MDT
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 18645 ft MSL (11015 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Wednesday 07/10.... Excellent
Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 05:42:31 / 20:26:48 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 14 hr 44 min 17 sec (884 min 17 sec)
Altitude of sun at 13:04:40 MDT... 73.21 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 07/09/2024 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 14916 ft MSL (7286 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 15170 ft MSL (7540 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 17799 ft MSL (10169 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... -7.3
K index......................... +17.2
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -58.9 -74.0 350 19 10 1.0 0.5 M M M M M
45000 -55.5 -67.9 345 30 15 4.8 2.6 M M M M M
40000 -48.5 -55.3 335 35 18 2.9 1.6 M M M M M
38000 -46.7 -52.1 330 35 18 3.0 1.6 M M M M M
36000 -44.9 -48.8 330 34 18 3.0 1.7 M M M M M
34000 -41.7 -43.1 330 31 16 5.4 3.0 M M M M M
32000 -38.5 -37.3 330 28 14 5.4 2.9 M M M M M
30000 -34.5 -30.1 325 26 13 7.1 3.9 33.6 92.4 4.1 M M
29000 -32.4 -26.3 325 25 13 7.1 3.9 32.6 90.6 3.3 M M
28000 -30.3 -22.5 320 24 12 7.5 4.1 31.7 89.1 2.7 M M
27000 -27.8 -18.0 320 22 12 8.2 4.5 31.0 87.8 2.2 M M
26000 -25.4 -13.7 315 21 11 8.2 4.5 30.4 86.8 1.7 M M
25000 -22.9 -9.2 310 20 10 8.3 4.5 30.0 85.9 1.3 M M
24000 -20.5 -4.9 310 19 10 8.1 4.4 29.3 84.8 0.8 M M
23000 -18.1 -0.6 310 19 10 8.1 4.4 28.7 83.7 0.3 M M
22000 -15.7 3.7 315 18 9 8.1 4.4 28.2 82.7 -0.1 1396 7.1
21000 -12.9 8.8 315 16 8 7.2 4.0 27.1 80.7 -1.1 1277 6.5
20000 -10.8 12.6 320 14 7 7.2 4.0 26.2 79.2 -1.9 1184 6.0
19500 -9.7 14.5 320 13 7 7.2 3.9 25.9 78.5 -2.3 1137 5.8
19000 -8.7 16.3 320 13 7 6.8 3.8 25.4 77.7 -2.7 1092 5.5
18500 -7.7 18.1 325 13 7 6.9 3.8 24.9 76.8 -3.2 1047 5.3
18000 -6.7 19.9 325 13 6 7.4 4.1 24.5 76.0 -3.7 1002 5.1
17500 -5.6 21.9 320 13 7 7.6 4.2 24.1 75.3 -4.0 954 4.8
17000 -4.5 23.9 315 14 7 7.6 4.1 23.7 74.7 -4.4 906 4.6
16500 -3.5 25.7 310 13 7 7.4 4.1 23.3 74.0 -4.9 861 4.4
16000 -2.5 27.5 305 12 6 7.6 4.2 23.0 73.3 -5.4 816 4.1
15500 -1.4 29.5 300 11 6 8.5 4.7 22.7 72.8 -5.8 769 3.9
15000 -0.2 31.6 305 9 5 8.5 4.7 22.5 72.5 -6.1 718 3.6
14500 1.0 33.8 305 7 4 8.7 4.8 22.3 72.1 -6.4 667 3.4
14000 2.3 36.1 305 6 3 8.8 4.8 22.1 71.8 -6.6 614 3.1
13500 3.6 38.5 305 4 2 8.9 4.9 22.0 71.6 -6.8 560 2.8
13000 4.9 40.8 290 4 2 9.0 5.0 21.9 71.4 -7.0 507 2.6
12500 6.2 43.2 285 3 2 9.7 5.3 21.8 71.3 -7.1 452 2.3
12000 7.6 45.7 280 3 2 9.8 5.4 21.8 71.2 -7.2 396 2.0
11750 8.3 46.9 275 4 2 9.3 5.1 21.8 71.2 -7.3 367 1.9
11500 8.9 48.0 275 4 2 7.6 4.2 21.7 71.1 -7.4 341 1.7
11250 9.5 49.1 275 4 2 8.3 4.5 21.5 70.8 -7.6 318 1.6
11000 10.1 50.2 270 4 2 9.3 5.1 21.5 70.7 -7.7 290 1.5
10750 10.8 51.4 270 5 2 9.8 5.4 21.4 70.6 -7.8 263 1.3
10500 11.5 52.7 270 5 2 7.0 3.8 21.4 70.5 -7.8 235 1.2
10250 11.9 53.4 270 5 3 5.9 3.2 21.1 69.9 -8.2 217 1.1
10000 12.4 54.3 270 6 3 8.0 4.4 20.9 69.6 -8.4 193 1.0
9750 13.0 55.4 275 6 3 7.4 4.1 20.7 69.3 -8.6 169 0.9
9500 13.5 56.3 275 7 4 7.8 4.3 20.6 69.0 -8.8 145 0.7
9250 14.0 57.2 275 8 4 5.6 3.1 20.4 68.7 -9.0 122 0.6
9000 14.3 57.7 275 8 4 3.3 1.8 19.9 67.9 -9.5 106 0.5
8750 14.6 58.3 270 9 4 3.5 1.9 19.4 67.0 -10.0 91 0.5
8500 14.8 58.6 270 9 5 2.8 1.5 19.0 66.1 -10.5 76 0.4
8250 14.9 58.8 265 10 5 0.6 0.3 18.4 65.1 -11.1 65 0.3
8000 14.5 58.1 265 9 5 -15.4 -8.4 17.2 63.0 -12.3 70 0.4
7750 10.4 50.7 265 7 4 2.0 1.1 11.6 52.8 -18.0 180 0.9
7500 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M M M M M M
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
07/09/2024 at 0900 MDT | 07/09/2024 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... +716.2 LI... -3.0 | CAPE... +487.5 LI... -2.3
CINH... -11.4 K Index... +20.3 | CINH... 0.0 K Index... +26.5
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -59.3 -74.7 335 18 9 1.6 0.9 | -59.0 -74.2 320 18 9 1.7 1.0
45000 -55.3 -67.5 335 26 13 5.0 2.8 | -55.4 -67.7 315 24 12 3.8 2.1
40000 -48.0 -54.4 335 33 17 3.0 1.6 | -49.7 -57.5 320 30 15 3.8 2.1
38000 -46.1 -51.0 340 35 18 3.0 1.7 | -47.4 -53.3 325 31 16 3.8 2.1
36000 -44.3 -47.7 340 37 19 3.1 1.7 | -44.8 -48.6 330 33 17 3.6 2.0
34000 -41.1 -42.0 340 36 18 5.2 2.9 | -41.3 -42.3 330 32 16 6.2 3.4
32000 -38.0 -36.4 335 34 17 5.2 2.8 | -37.6 -35.7 330 31 16 6.1 3.3
30000 -33.8 -28.8 335 31 16 7.5 4.1 | -33.5 -28.3 330 29 15 7.1 3.9
29000 -31.6 -24.9 335 29 15 7.5 4.1 | -31.4 -24.5 325 29 15 7.1 3.9
28000 -29.3 -20.7 335 27 14 7.7 4.3 | -29.3 -20.7 325 28 14 7.7 4.2
27000 -26.9 -16.4 335 25 13 8.1 4.4 | -26.8 -16.2 325 26 14 8.3 4.6
26000 -24.5 -12.1 330 23 12 8.1 4.4 | -24.3 -11.7 325 25 13 8.3 4.6
25000 -22.1 -7.8 320 21 11 8.2 4.5 | -21.8 -7.2 325 23 12 8.4 4.6
24000 -19.9 -3.8 315 19 10 7.1 3.9 | -19.5 -3.1 325 22 11 7.6 4.2
23000 -17.8 -0.0 310 17 9 7.1 3.9 | -17.2 1.0 320 20 10 7.6 4.2
22000 -15.7 3.7 305 16 8 7.1 3.9 | -14.4 6.1 310 19 10 6.3 3.5
21000 -13.2 8.2 305 14 7 6.6 3.6 | -12.7 9.1 315 17 9 5.6 3.1
20000 -11.2 11.8 315 12 6 6.6 3.6 | -11.1 12.0 315 15 8 5.7 3.1
19500 -10.3 13.5 315 11 6 6.4 3.5 | -10.2 13.6 315 15 7 5.6 3.1
19000 -9.4 15.1 320 11 6 5.8 3.2 | -9.5 14.9 320 14 7 5.2 2.9
18500 -8.6 16.5 325 10 5 5.9 3.2 | -8.8 16.2 325 14 7 5.3 2.9
18000 -7.7 18.1 325 10 5 7.4 4.1 | -7.9 17.8 330 14 7 7.8 4.3
17500 -6.6 20.1 325 10 5 7.9 4.3 | -6.8 19.8 335 12 6 8.5 4.7
17000 -5.5 22.1 325 11 6 8.2 4.5 | -5.6 21.9 340 10 5 8.9 4.9
16500 -4.2 24.4 320 10 5 9.1 5.0 | -4.3 24.3 345 9 5 9.5 5.2
16000 -2.9 26.8 320 9 5 9.1 5.0 | -2.9 26.8 355 8 4 9.6 5.3
15500 -1.6 29.1 320 8 4 9.9 5.4 | -1.6 29.1 360 7 4 9.2 5.1
15000 -0.1 31.8 320 7 3 9.9 5.4 | -0.2 31.6 005 7 3 9.2 5.1
14500 1.3 34.3 325 5 3 8.9 4.9 | 1.2 34.2 010 6 3 9.8 5.4
14000 2.5 36.5 325 4 2 8.6 4.7 | 2.6 36.7 015 6 3 10.0 5.5
13500 3.7 38.7 325 3 2 8.6 4.7 | 4.1 39.4 015 6 3 9.5 5.2
13000 5.0 41.0 310 2 1 8.7 4.8 | 5.5 41.9 020 6 3 9.5 5.2
12500 6.3 43.3 295 1 0 9.4 5.1 | 7.0 44.6 020 5 3 10.9 6.0
12000 7.7 45.9 230 1 0 10.0 5.5 | 8.5 47.3 025 5 3 10.2 5.6
11750 8.4 47.1 195 1 0 9.4 5.2 | 9.3 48.7 025 5 3 9.3 5.1
11500 9.0 48.2 180 1 0 8.3 4.5 | 9.9 49.8 030 5 3 8.4 4.6
11250 9.7 49.5 175 1 0 8.9 4.9 | 10.6 51.1 030 5 3 9.6 5.2
11000 10.3 50.5 175 1 0 9.5 5.2 | 11.3 52.3 030 5 3 10.2 5.6
10750 11.0 51.8 170 1 0 9.7 5.3 | 12.1 53.8 035 5 2 10.2 5.6
10500 11.7 53.1 000 0 0 8.4 4.6 | 12.9 55.2 035 5 2 9.7 5.3
10250 12.3 54.1 000 0 0 7.9 4.3 | 13.5 56.3 035 5 2 9.6 5.3
10000 12.9 55.2 000 0 0 8.8 4.8 | 14.3 57.7 040 5 2 10.1 5.5
9750 13.5 56.3 280 1 0 9.0 4.9 | 15.0 59.0 040 5 2 10.2 5.6
9500 14.2 57.6 290 1 1 7.4 4.1 | 15.8 60.4 040 5 2 9.1 5.0
9250 14.6 58.3 295 2 1 6.6 3.6 | 16.4 61.5 040 5 2 9.4 5.1
9000 15.2 59.4 285 3 1 8.4 4.6 | 17.2 63.0 045 5 2 11.1 6.1
8750 15.8 60.4 280 4 2 8.6 4.7 | 18.0 64.4 045 5 2 11.0 6.0
8500 16.3 61.3 280 5 2 8.5 4.7 | 18.8 65.8 045 5 2 10.8 6.0
8250 17.0 62.6 275 5 3 9.0 4.9 | 19.7 67.5 050 4 2 11.7 6.4
8000 17.8 64.0 270 5 2 14.3 7.8 | 20.7 69.3 050 4 2 18.8 10.3
7750 19.1 66.4 265 4 2 21.5 11.8 | 22.5 72.5 055 4 2 27.9 15.3
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
07/09/2024 at 1500 MDT | 07/09/2024 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... +543.9 LI... -2.7 | CAPE... +725.6 LI... -2.3
CINH... -0.8 K Index... +30.9 | CINH... -13.7 K Index... +30.9
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -58.6 -73.5 315 19 10 2.6 1.4 | -58.6 -73.5 315 18 9 2.6 1.4
45000 -54.3 -65.7 305 26 13 3.3 1.8 | -54.4 -65.9 305 26 13 3.4 1.8
40000 -49.4 -56.9 310 31 16 3.5 1.9 | -49.5 -57.1 300 30 15 2.3 1.2
38000 -47.1 -52.8 310 30 15 3.4 1.9 | -47.9 -54.2 310 25 13 2.3 1.3
36000 -45.0 -49.0 315 29 15 3.1 1.7 | -46.5 -51.7 315 21 11 1.6 0.9
34000 -41.2 -42.2 320 27 14 6.8 3.7 | -42.0 -43.6 325 20 10 8.2 4.5
32000 -37.1 -34.8 320 24 13 6.8 3.7 | -37.1 -34.8 330 20 10 8.2 4.5
30000 -33.1 -27.6 320 25 13 6.7 3.7 | -32.5 -26.5 330 21 11 7.6 4.2
29000 -31.1 -24.0 320 25 13 6.7 3.7 | -30.2 -22.4 325 22 11 7.7 4.2
28000 -29.1 -20.4 315 26 13 7.3 4.0 | -28.0 -18.4 325 23 12 7.4 4.1
27000 -26.7 -16.1 320 25 13 7.9 4.4 | -25.8 -14.4 325 24 12 7.2 4.0
26000 -24.4 -11.9 320 25 13 7.9 4.4 | -23.7 -10.7 325 25 13 7.3 4.0
25000 -22.0 -7.6 325 25 13 8.1 4.4 | -21.6 -6.9 320 25 13 7.4 4.0
24000 -19.9 -3.8 325 25 13 6.9 3.8 | -19.5 -3.1 325 25 13 7.1 3.9
23000 -17.3 0.9 325 26 13 7.0 3.9 | -16.9 1.6 330 24 12 7.2 3.9
22000 -15.3 4.5 320 26 13 7.2 3.9 | -14.8 5.4 330 22 12 7.4 4.1
21000 -13.2 8.2 325 24 12 7.3 4.0 | -12.6 9.3 340 20 10 7.5 4.1
20000 -11.1 12.0 325 22 11 7.3 4.0 | -10.4 13.3 350 18 9 7.6 4.2
19500 -10.0 14.0 325 21 11 7.2 4.0 | -9.3 15.3 355 18 9 7.6 4.1
19000 -9.0 15.8 330 19 10 7.0 3.8 | -8.2 17.2 005 17 9 7.4 4.1
18500 -8.0 17.6 340 18 9 7.0 3.8 | -7.1 19.2 010 17 9 7.5 4.1
18000 -6.9 19.6 350 16 8 7.9 4.4 | -6.1 21.0 015 16 8 7.0 3.8
17500 -5.8 21.6 360 14 7 8.2 4.5 | -5.1 22.8 020 16 8 6.9 3.8
17000 -4.6 23.7 010 13 7 8.3 4.6 | -4.1 24.6 020 17 8 7.0 3.8
16500 -3.4 25.9 020 12 6 8.6 4.7 | -3.1 26.4 025 16 8 7.2 3.9
16000 -2.2 28.0 025 12 6 8.5 4.7 | -2.1 28.2 025 16 8 7.2 3.9
15500 -0.9 30.4 030 11 6 9.0 4.9 | -1.0 30.2 030 15 8 7.2 3.9
15000 0.4 32.7 035 10 5 8.9 4.9 | 0.0 32.0 030 15 7 7.1 3.9
14500 1.7 35.1 040 9 5 9.5 5.2 | 1.2 34.2 030 14 7 8.9 4.9
14000 3.2 37.8 040 9 5 9.6 5.3 | 2.6 36.7 035 13 7 9.5 5.2
13500 4.6 40.3 040 9 5 9.5 5.2 | 4.0 39.2 035 13 6 9.5 5.2
13000 6.0 42.8 045 8 4 9.6 5.3 | 5.4 41.7 040 11 6 9.5 5.2
12500 7.5 45.5 045 8 4 10.7 5.9 | 6.8 44.2 045 10 5 9.5 5.2
12000 9.1 48.4 050 8 4 10.6 5.8 | 8.3 46.9 050 9 5 10.5 5.8
11750 9.9 49.8 050 8 4 9.6 5.3 | 9.0 48.2 055 8 4 9.8 5.4
11500 10.5 50.9 055 8 4 8.5 4.7 | 9.7 49.5 055 8 4 8.3 4.5
11250 11.2 52.2 055 8 4 9.7 5.3 | 10.3 50.5 060 7 4 8.8 4.8
11000 12.0 53.6 055 8 4 10.3 5.7 | 11.0 51.8 065 7 4 9.4 5.2
10750 12.7 54.9 055 8 4 10.5 5.7 | 11.7 53.1 070 6 3 9.4 5.2
10500 13.5 56.3 060 7 4 9.3 5.1 | 12.4 54.3 080 6 3 8.7 4.8
10250 14.1 57.4 060 7 4 9.0 5.0 | 13.0 55.4 085 6 3 8.4 4.6
10000 14.9 58.8 060 7 4 10.1 5.5 | 13.6 56.5 095 6 3 8.8 4.8
9750 15.6 60.1 060 7 4 9.8 5.4 | 14.3 57.7 100 5 3 8.8 4.8
9500 16.4 61.5 065 7 4 9.8 5.4 | 14.9 58.8 110 5 3 8.3 4.6
9250 17.1 62.8 065 7 4 10.1 5.6 | 15.5 59.9 120 5 3 8.6 4.7
9000 17.9 64.2 065 7 4 10.4 5.7 | 16.2 61.2 130 5 3 9.6 5.2
8750 18.6 65.5 065 7 4 10.4 5.7 | 16.9 62.4 135 6 3 9.5 5.2
8500 19.4 66.9 070 7 4 10.2 5.6 | 17.6 63.7 140 6 3 9.8 5.4
8250 20.2 68.4 070 7 4 10.9 6.0 | 18.3 64.9 145 6 3 10.0 5.5
8000 21.2 70.2 070 7 4 17.8 9.8 | 19.0 66.2 150 6 3 7.7 4.2
7750 22.8 73.0 070 7 3 26.7 14.6 | 19.3 66.7 150 4 2 4.6 2.5
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC). It is not continuously monitored nor updated after its initial
issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the Air Force Academy
in Colorado Springs, Colorado at
North Latitude: 38 deg 58 min 48.000 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 49 min 12.000 sec
Elevation: 6572 feet (2003 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CIN (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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